Engineering and Technology

What is FM demodulator. IC type FM demodulator explained. CA3089 Description of FM de-modulator CA3089 Here in this article we will explore the block diagram of IC CA3089 which is commonly used as FM demodulator. This diagram can be available from IC CA3089 datasheet. The block diagram shows that the incoming signal is passed through three amplifier stages. All three amplifier stages have its own lever detectors. The output of these three amplifiers are summed together and fed through pin 13. Here the signal level can be measured. When the signal level enters the limiting the current of the signal reaches its maximum value. CA3089 FM demodulator IC block diagram Output stage of FM demodulator Output of the final amplifier is fed to quadrature detector stage which convert frequency deviation or frequency changes to the amplitude changes. This is there actual demodulation of FM signal into audio signal or base frequency information. How this demodulator works is shown in the bellow image...

FM or frequency modulation is a mean of modulating carrier with information or base signal in radio technology so that the RF or radio frequency can be propagated to distance receiver from a transmitter. There are three basic methods of modulation for radio frequency. They are CW or continuous wave, AM or amplitude modulation and FM or frequency modulation. CW or continuous wave was used in older days for Morse code transmission in the way that a fixed frequency and fixed amplitude signal wave was switched on and off and transmitted. this on and off signal was carrying Morse code information to the other side of receiver. In amplitude modulation a fixed frequency wave is used whose amplitude is varied according to the base frequency or information. Or in other words the base information is overlay of the carrier frequency signal. The next type is FM or frequency modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is kept fixed and the base information is used to change the frequenc...

 Here in this article you will see the block diagram and feature of a high quality FM radio receiver. FM radio receivers are very popular these days due to FM broadcast available all over. A good quality FM radio receiver is capable of producing quality audio which had been broadcast at the time of transmission. The receiver should be capable of receiving and producing stereo FM signal. This FM radio receiver is battery powered and is portable because it can be powered from a single 9V battery. A PP3 battery could do or a rechargeable battery could also work just fine. The power consumption of this radio is just moderate and battery could last for a few hours of listening. Dual power option is available if somewhere power line is available, the best choice to operate this radio could be the means power. Supper FM 9 block diagram This Supper FM 9 radio receiver circuit is based on superheterodyne function. In superheterodyne design the radio signal is amplified and is fed back again...

 In this text I will discuss about the famous TP4056 charging module which is a 3.70V  Li-ion battery 18650 in detail. The pinout, characteristics, setup and calibration for battery value will be covered in this text. TP4056 charger module is a very tiny size module to charge li ion batteries that it can fit anywhere inside any electronic equipment or instrument. TP4056 module consists of a single chip IC TP5640  and a few other supporting components which makes high quality and precision charging module which gives complete solution to automatically charge li-ion batteries of any small size. Using TP4056 module to charge the li-ion battery, it provides full battery life and effective charging to prolong battery life with great efficiency. Using TP4056 battery charging module you can make the line powered equipment less power consuming and the old equipment using dry cell can be converted to rechargeable battery solution. TP4056 Charger or charging module TP4056 Charging ...

  Energy storage device Super cap The supper capacitor or super cap is same like other electrolytic capacitors but they have a very big capacity to store large amount of charge. Most commonly used capacitors in audio amplifiers and stereos have values like 220UF, 500UF and 1000UF. UF stand for micro farads. In radio frequency circuits very small capacitance capacitors are used for example 10 pf or less. They are very small capacitors. In power supplies one can see large size capacitors like 1000UF to 10000UF to reduce the power supply ripple. There are hundreds and thousands of capacitors are used in any kind of electronic equipment. These capacitors have specific capacitance and voltage rating. Same is true for super cap. super cap have both capacity value as well as voltage value. The capacity is very very high for supper capacitor like in few hundred and even thousands Farads and the voltage rating is very low like 2.5 Volts for each super cap. Supper capacitor has quality that ...

TP4056 is a Lithium iron rechargeable battery charge controller IC. The TP4056 IC is providing full constant voltage and constant current characteristics for charging a single 3.7 volt Lithium cell or battery. The TL4056 is ideal chip to do the function. It's charging rate or charging current could be controlled by external resistor on program pin. It has both charging and charge complete sink type input pins where two different color LEDs could be connected to show the status of the chip. The TP4056 IC comes in SOP package and it needs very few external component to function. The less external components and its small size makes it ideal and the best choice to be used in portable applications. TL4056 IC typical charger circuit TP4056 can be used in usb applications wall mounted power packs. tp4056 don't need a blocking diode to prevent battery reverse current flow due to internal chip mosfet arrangement. tp4056 has internal thermal protection which prevents chip during high cu...

  Here in this article we will discuss a small SMPS current mode smps power management IC. RM6204 is a beautiful smps power management IC which is very commonly used in small size smps power supplies and cell phone chargers. RM6204 is a 12W and line voltage regulator IC which is a simple to use and simple to construct single chip smps controller. RM6204 is official IC for Huawei cell phones chargers. This IC RM6204 needs very few external components to function. The power of the smps is limited trough external components like chopper transformer and other resistors and capacitors values. This IC internal switching transistor has capability to withstand 700 volts. The switching transistor can switch 800mA current continues. The overall IC power dissipation is 1000 mW or 1 Watt. RM6204 SMPS regulator power supply circuit schematic Above is the circuit schematic for RM6204 smps regulator power supply. Such power supplies are small and suitable for small power needs like cellphone char...

Brushless DC motors are very commonly used now a days. They are everywhere in all equipment used in routine. They are used in computers as cooling fans, hard drive spinning motors and in DVD drives etc. With advent of electric vehicles brushless dc motor use in increased. Brushless dc motor is the best suitable drive motor for many small vehicles drive. Brushless dc motor provides many advantages over regular DC motors and other conventional motors. As these motors have no brushes inside, there are many problems eliminated due to brush removal. Due to brushless design many mechanical problems associated with brushes are also eliminated like friction, maintenance and efficiency problems. As brushed motors have brush and commutator which is worn out component, it could fail catastrophically. In brushless motors the function of the commutator and carbon brush is performed electronically, it is much more reliable and fail proof. As technology has been advance in last few...

  The automatic light circuit describe here is a simple 220V automatic circuit which is very easy to construct and very few components are used which are supper cheap. The main component of this circuit is the versatile 555 timer IC which is used in most electronics projects for timer control function. This circuit works on the day light or the sun light first ray. It will wake you up when first ray of sun light falls on the sensor of the circuit. The circuit can control any light of your choice like simple and old incandescent light, cfl, florescent, mercury light or led ligh which is under 5A and 220V rating. The relay used in this circuit if of 5A rating. You can use heavy contacts relay also for driving more loads and heavy ampere usage. The circuit construction is easy enough. This circuit can be constructed both on pref board or on specially made PCB. The PCB pattern and components layout will be given latter on this page. The circuit comprise of IC 555 timer, one bridge rect...

Miniature circuit breaker or MCB is an electrical protection device which cuts off electric circuit from power source during short circuit. During short circuit the circuit draws abnormally high current which can cause fire or other damage. To avoid such damage it is a must to isolate the shorted circuit from the rest of the power system or the power source. A miniature circuit breaker acts like an automatic fuse. In older days fuse was used in electrical system to protect the circuit. Whereas in today's modern installations circuit breakers are used in place of fuse. Fuse has the same function but it could not be switched on back after tripping once it broke. It requires to replace the whole burned fuse or to rewire it in case of re-wire-able fuse. Whereas in case of miniature circuit breaker, it could be reset after short circuit repair like a switch. The reset time is way too less for a miniature circuit breaker compared to a fuse repair or replacement. MCB or miniature circuit ...

This tutorial will guide you making the most simple and low power audio amplifier comprised of single IC TDA2822. TDA2822 is sometimes refereed as TDA2822M and sometimes simply 2822. This IC provides small power of about 2W per channel from a 5V power source. The power supply is wide range for this chip from 3V to 20V. The wide range of power supply, circuit simplicity, less external components and low price makes this chip ideal for most small application. This TDA2822 is a versatile audio amplifier chip having 8 pin dual inline package and is used frequently in audio Cassatt players, radios, small stereos, PC speakers, telephones and many more applications. This audio amplifier is capable of producing good quality audio with very low distortion so that it could fill up a small room with music waves. This chip has a very low price and available very easily everywhere. TDA2822M Stereo Amplifier Circuit A simplified circuit diagram for such audio amplifier is shown below. The circuit co...

 A smoke detector circuit is one which is used to detect un-burned fuel smoke created due to burning process. Such circuits are useful for building safety and house hold safety requirements. Such circuits are compulsory in some countries to be installed in the buildings if you are going to build new building or house. Without such alarm circuit installation, the authorities would not pass your building and will now allow residents to live in such building due to fire hazards and lake of fire safety. There are many kind of fire alarm circuit available in the market. Some uses special sensors and detectors to perform the job. Whereas some uses very basic sensors for such kind of job. The below circuit is also using a very basic concept and very basic circuit design for the purpose. It uses an LED and an LDR to detect smoke passing between both of them. This a must for this circuit to fix it in the path of smoke to pass the smoke between the led and ldr. Otherwise if smoke is not pass...

Motors are very commonly used in industry. Motors are the work horses in industry. They are every where in industry and running different kind of loads in everyday life. They run fans, pumps, compressors, blowers, belt conveyors, elevators, spinners, rollers, mills, transmissions, agitators, vibrators, apron conveyors, kilns and spinners etc. There are many kinds of motors. Among them 98% cases ac induction motors are used. There are two further kinds of induction motors. First and the most commonly used one is squirrel cage induction motor and the second one is off course wound rotor or slip ring induction motor. The squirrel cage induction motor is the most used on in industry from a fraction of Kw to a few Mw power rating. The other type wound rotor or slip ring induction motor is used to drive very high torque load and have ability to start very slowly under very high torque load and controls its current by resistance addition in the rotor circuit. The rotor circuit impedance is ...