What is air circuit breaker. Electrical protection

What is air circuit breaker or ACB:

Air circuit breaker or ACB is electrical protection device used in electrical system to provide electrical circuit isolation in case of short circuit or over current condition. Also the air circuit breaker or ACB is used to isolate the electrical circuit manually when it is required in case of maintenance on the connection equipment or if it is needed to stop the equipment for long time. Air circuit breakers are used on low voltage like up to 700v and currents from 200A to 6200A. Some air circuit breakers are especially designed to meed voltages up to 1000 volts. Such circuit breakers are designed for the control of photo voltaic or solar systems.
Air circuit breaker named because the media used between the contacts for quenching arc on electrodes during circuit making and breaking is air. The contacts operates in air. Sometimes this is just normal pressure air and some times it is pressurized air to quench.

Air circuit breaker ACB

How air circuit breaker operates:

The air circuit breaker has an encapsulation which holds all necessary parts for an air circuit breaker or ACB. An air circuit breaker have normally two sets or pairs or contacts. One set is main contacts made or copper alloy and the other set or pair of contacts are known are arc contacts which are made of carbon. The main contacts have low resistance and fine contact and they carry all the rated current of the circuit breaker. Whereas the arc contacts have comparatively high resistance but they can withstand the arc produced during the opening and closing of contacts under load.
The function of the circuit breaker is in the way that the main contacts are closing after the arc contacts and they are disconnecting before the arc contact opening.

Air circuit breaker working principle

So the main contacts don't face the total load current arcing instead the arc contacts face the maximum load current arcing. In this way the circuit breaker operates are higher currents without destroying its contacts.

How to change Toyota Corolla engine oil. Oil level, oil filter, oil quality, oil change interval

 How to change Toyota Corolla engine oil

Toyota cars like Toyota Corolla or any other brand needs 5w-30 grade engine oil. There are different myth regarding Toyota Corolla engine oil change interval. Some says change oil each 5,000 miles. Some says change oil after 15,000 miles or after every six to ten months. And some says whatever come first. 
Such are just assumptions and there are no pet and fix formulas or rules. Better is to change oil at its earliest. The oil change interval should not be very short that someone consider it after 10 miles! and shouldn't be very long like someone consider it after 15,000 miles. It should be somewhere in between. Better if someone consider Toyota Corolla oil change after completion of 2500 miles. Also for the purpose an average price oil should be considered. Because if one consider high priced oil, the oil change will become very expensive will be difficult.
There is a another myth about Toyota Corolla engine oil grades. Some says put 0W5 other say you should consider 30W50. The actual value depends upon your experience with your car and aging of your car engine. If you have a new engine, you can consider thin oil like 5W10 or 5W15. But if your engine get older and older, you should consider thicker and thicker oil like 20W40 or even more thicker even. Thinner oils are good for low consumption and better performance. But thinner oils burn out very easily in older engines.

Toyota Corolla oil change

Tools and materials needed to change Toyota Corolla engine oil

You need a few tools and materials to change your Toyota Corolla engine oil.

• Spanners or sockets with T or ratchet. You may need 14mm socket or spanner for the job. Or check your engine sump oil drain plug size for exact.

• Filter opening and tightening spanner or tool. You can either get chain tool or a special Toyota filter loosening and tightening tool.

• Engine oil or appropriate grade. You need some 4 litters of oil or so. Check your engine manual for exact oil quantity.

• Crunch washer for your oil drain plug. You can use Teflon tape instead.

• Pan to collect old oil.

• Funnel to put oil in the engine with ease.

• Some oil rag for cleaning.

Oil change procedure for Toyota Corolla car

Oil change for Toyota Corolla car is pretty straight forward. You don't need to go any authorized Toyota dealership or any other oil change service for such an easy job. You can do it in DIY fashion in your home garage space.
For oil change better if your car is wormed up or if you came form a trip. Settle it down for a little while to be able to get into the car. 
Now you can put the pan under the car sump to collect the used oil. Open the filter and the car sump drain bolt.

Toyota Corolla engine oil change

Drain out all the old oil and collect it in the pan. Also loose the dip stick and the oil filling cap in the process. Take your time to drain down as much oil as possible.
Fix a new filter and genitally tight it. Don't very tight. Otherwise you can break its seal or you will face hard time on next oil change. Some people do fill the new filter with oil and some don't recommend doing it. It's your choice. Anyhow it's a good idea to lubricate the new oil filter oil seal with little used or new oil. Normally filters come pre lubricated from the factory.

Toyota Corolla oil filter installation

Remove the old crunch washer from the oil sump drain plug and replace it with a new one. If you don't get a new crunch washer, you can used the older one if it's in good shape and not broken. Also you can use Teflon tape used for threads on the drain plug to prevent leakage if you don't get the crunch washer for your specific Toyota Corolla engine oil drain plug.
Next is to fix the clean funnel in the engine oil filling hole to fill in oil. The funnel will be helpful not to splash oil here and there during oil filling.
Fill 3 litters of engine oil in the engine and then for the last 1 litter, keep your eye on the dip stick. Don't overfill the oil no under fill. Your oil should touch to the upper limit or F mark on the dip stick once your oil filling is complete.

Toyota Corolla engine oil level check

Next is to start your Toyota Corolla car and look for any leakage around the engine oil drain plug and filter area. Leakage shouldn't be there or otherwise do necessary repair if needed. Keep your car started for 5 to 10 minutes and then shutdown your engine. After an hour or a a few hours of car settlement check the oil level again. Top up again and fill up to the F or upper level of the dip stick if necessary. Otherwise if the level is perfect, enjoy running your car till next oil change.
Hope you learned something valuable and will enjoy your Toyota Corolla oil change on short intervals and will save big money on each oil change. Give your feedback as I always welcome feedback.

ADVANTAGES OF IRON PHOSPHATE BATTERIES LiFePO4 batteries detailed discussion بطاريات

 

Advantages of Iron Phosphate batteries

World class new generation Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries whose chemical name is LiFePO4 or LFP for short provides great benifites and advantages over conventionnal lead acid batteries and the rest of other all kind of batteries available. The Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries offer advantages like greater safety, Improved efficiency of charge and discharge, Less in weight, Very long life, no maintenance requirement and much more.

With all above advantages, price is the big disadvantage of such Lithium Iron Phosphate batteris. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries are not cheaper. They are much more costly than lead acid battery, Ni-cal Cadmium batteries or regular lithium batteries. But keeping in view of Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries benefits and advantages like very long service life or 20 to 25 years, one can make his life best investment in such Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries.

Lithium iron phosphate HIGH efficiency

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 are offering their 100% capacity and they have greater charging discharging efficiency. Other batteries like lead acid and the rest or Ni and Lithium vaients are providing less than 100% charge discharge capacity. Lead Acid batteries only provides 50% of their full rated capacity to used. When battery is 50% used, its terminal voltage drops to cut off range. Deep discharging beyond 50% degrades the life of such lead acid batteries. Also such Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries provides better charge discharge characteristics and also provides the feature of fast charging and discharging which makes them suitable for almost all types of used and purposes. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries provides very high discharge pulse current bursts is another benefit of Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 battery as in some application such parameter.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE Safety

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 are offering Greater safety compared to their other counterparts in Lithium series and lead acid batteries. Lithium Iron Phosphate battery has its special nature due to Iron Phosphate which is not getting fire nor it produce heating or overheating. So there is no risk of fire. Other family of Lithium batteries are frequently getting fire due to overcharging or in case of short circuiting. Such ordinary batteries are producing gases due to which explosion may occur. Where are Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries have no such problems.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE EXtrEme Temperature operation

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 operates are very extreme temperature ranges. Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 batteries can withstand harsh weather conditions conditions like very cold and very hot environment. Such harsh weather conditions other batteries can't withstand. Other batteries undergo in deep discharge mode which exposed to such extreme weather conditions. Such robustness and toughness of these batteries make them very suitable for almost all applications. 

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE HIGH DISCHARGE RATES

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 withstand high charge and discharge rates of all other Lithium batteries family. High discharge rate of Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries make them suitable for pulsed heavy current discharge and very high current drain like big engines starting and other same like applications. Also you can used such batteries to power on several electrical loads at a time. Such high current applications are there on ships and boats. Also they are suitable to start up big boats engines.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE HIGH EFFICIENCY

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 posses high efficiency of 100% of their rated written capacity. Most other batteries only offers efficiency like 50%. Such Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries are more expensive than other Lithium and lead acid batteries but they as they offer much more efficiency due to which they become more popular now a days and such batteries are installed everywhere from Solar system to automobiles and other communication applications.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE LIGHTWEIGHT Battery

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 batteries are super light weight batteries compared to other Lithium family and way less than lead acid batteries. Less weight make Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries suitable for many applications like cell phones, automobiles, satellites and a lot of other applications. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries are possessing the best energy density and weighing half of other batteries mass. Such batteries are suitable for almost all applications like solar system and much more.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE MAINTENANCE free

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 batteries don't need any maintenance during their service life. Other Lithium family batteries and lead acid batteries needs regular periodic maintenance. Especially flooded lead acid batteries needs regular maintenance and they need electrolyte level maintenance and if not maintenance, their service life degrade badly. Whereas Lithium Phosphate batteries are sealed and they don't need any maintenance. Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries have very low self discharge less than 3% a month. So such batteries could be stored for very long time if charge once.

LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE long life

Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries LiFePO4 batteries last very long. Mostly up to 20 years! Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries have 5000 charge discharge cycles which makes the battery last very long. Whereas lead acid battery have life span of only 2 to 4 years. Other Lithium family batteries last 4 to 5 years maximum. So interments in Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries is a very wise and good decision. Such batteries are more reliable and more durable in all conditions and very extreme weather conditions. بطاريات

 Throttle Body cleaning washing DIY procedure

If car maintenance is considered timely, it reduce the downtime cost, fuel running cost and increase the vehicle service life. Also if you consider the timely maintenance your car will be more promising and more cooperative to you. In car maintenance some parts do need replacement and some only needs cleaning. Debris, dust and dirt settling on the car components leads to a major car maintenance job and serious repair work. Throttle body is the major part of newer cars which needs periodic and regular cleaning and washing. Throttle body is located in the engine air intake system. All the air sucked through the engine passes through the throttle body. A throttle body passes 10,000 liters of air to burn 1 liter of gasoline or petrol. Although there is an air filter installed in the car air intake before the throttle body, but fine dust passes that filter and accumulates in the throttle body. Throttle body cleaning can either be performed by a professional mechanic or one can do it DIY fashion. As throttle body cleaning don't involve complexities, one car do it easily if he or she may follow the proper procedure and certain maintenance steps involved.
One with little work experienced and few basic repair tools like screw drivers, pliers, spanners, sockets, elan key wrenches and cleaning spray can easily attempt the job at home with great success. We will show your the procedure in step by step method so that you will be able to carry out the job without any difficulty.

Throttle body cleaning

Throttle body explained

Throttle body is a device which is installed in the car air intake system to control the air quantity entered to the engine to control the engine speed according to needs and requirements. Modern electronically controlled fuel injected cars use sensors and actuators to control the amount of air and fuel entering the engine to run the vehicle with optimization and maximum performance. In older days mechanically actuated throttle bodies were used on EFI cars where are in latter model electronically controlled throttle bodies are introduced which are known as drive by wire throttle bodies. In such throttle bodies there is a motor and a set of gears is installed to control the throttle plate or butterfly plate. The motor in the throttle body is controlled by ECU or PCM instead of direct control through driver foot. The throttle body regulates the amount of air enters the ignition chamber in engine.
functioning good and cleaned throttle body is a must for nice vehicle drivabilty. This is true when the car is new and everything is going well for you. But with the passage of time, dust, dirt, gunk and debris in the air starts accumulating in the car throttle body which leads to poor idling, low fuel mileage, hesitation and bad drivability in result. Hence periodic and timely cleaning of throttle body is a must to be considered to avoid sluggish respond and car engine stalling problems.

Throttle body explained and function

Throttle body DIY cleaning step by step guide

Dirty throttle body leads to different problems with vehicle. If one's car shows some symptoms like rough idle, less idle rpm especially in case of load on car like when switching on air condition, head lights or any other heavy load. In such case if somebody know how to clean his car throttle body, it will fix his car. Following lines will describe a step by step guide to follow to clean your car throttle body yourself and save your self from heavy repair bill and can solve your car problem yourself.
Here I will express step by step guide to clean your car throttle body clean yourself to save money and do the job with great satisfaction.

Tools required for the job

To carry out the throttle body cleaning job, It's a must to open up and remove the throttle body from the car. For the purpose a few basic tools are required to carry out the job. Such tools are very common and mostly they are available with many DIY people and many people doing small small jobs at home. Following is a list of tools possible needed for the throttle body cleaning job.
Screw drivers
pliers
sockets
elan key set
paper towels
Carb cleaner
WD40 spray
rag
brushes
eye protection
hammer
Also it could be a good idea to follow the car service and repair manual to have good idea of the job and to know what to open and where to open. Modern cars are very smart and of tight design. Space is very narrow in the engine compartment to work. For such cars the service manuals could provide valuable information for disassembling and assembling items.

Step 1: Park the vehicle in a good lighten and ventilated open space:-

This is a must to park the vehicle in a good open lighted ventilated parking space so that it will be easy for you to locate the vehicle throttle body as well as to work on your car to clean its throttle body and access it easily. Good lighting is important to locate things better and easily. Ventilation is necessary so that you will use chemical spray to clean your car throttle body hence you should not inhale chemical fumes.
Anyhow if you don't have an outdoor parking, you can use to park your car inside with good lighting and ventilation taken care of.
The throttle body is located between the air intake filter and the engine air intake manifold. You can see a big flexible air pipe or hose connected to it. The air pipe or hose is normally of black rubber material with rings like spring. Also you can refer to your specific vehicle service manual is you are not sure of your car throttle body location. Also locating the throttle body is not a difficult job.

Step 2: Disassembling of the large air pipe or air intake hose from the throttle body:-

The second part in DIY cleaning of throttle body is to remove or disassemble the large black color rubber air pipe or air intake from the vehicle and the throttle body. There will be little electronics connect that could be MAF or MAP sensor along with temperature sensor. Take care of its wiring. Remove its wiring harness connector with care not to break it. Also try not to change or alter other systems of the car during the disassembling process. When the air intake is removed from the vehicle, you will get access to the throttle body of the car.

Step 3: Throttle body removal or disassembling from the car:-

There are two ways you can perform the throttle body cleaning job. Either you can clean the throttle body connected to the car or you can remove and disassemble it from the car. Disassembling and removal of throttle body is a very good idea to carry out the throttle body cleaning job as in this way you can clean the throttle body thoroughly and totally with satisfaction.
for the purpose of removal the throttle body from the car engine you should have to disassemble all the hoses connected to it and remove all bolts which are four normally and sometime less or more. The hoses are attached to the vehicle cooling system too. So these hoses could carry coolant which could spell when they are disconnected. Take care of that coolant spillage too.

Step 4: Throttle body flap or butterfly plate opening for cleaning:-

When throttle body is off of the car, the next step is off course to open its throttle plate or butterfly plate to clean the interior of the throttle body with cleaning rag and some carburetor cleaning spray or WD40 cleaning spray. To open up the modern throttle body flap you need to stick some screw driver or spudger to keep it open during  the cleaning process. As the throttle plate is spring loaded, it's a must to keep it open by force during the cleaning process. It is necessary to clean the throttle plate of flap for proper throttle body operation as stuck or clogged flap caused stalling engine.

Step 5 Throttle body cleaning or washing

To clean or wash the throttle body a carburetor cleaning spray or WD40 spray bottle will be needed. The throttle body flap or butterfly plate should be sprayed thoroughly with carb cleaner or wd40 from both sides. Also it is a good practice to wash the throttle body walls with carb cleaner or wd40 to make sure perfect cleaning or washing of the throttle body.

After washing or cleaning the throttle body with carb cleaner, it's time to clean the throttle body inside and butterfly plate with a brush or with rag or cloth. Perfect cleaning of plate and interior of throttle body is mandatory for smooth operation or the throttle body.

The sides and wall cleaning of the throttle body is also a must as dirt inside car create turbulence inside the throttle body which could lead to further drivability problems and defects.

Throttle body cleaning and washing

Step 6 Throttle body re installation or assembling to engine

After complete cleaning and washing process of the throttle body now is the time to fix back or install the throttle body to the engine from where it was removed or dismantled. Make sure to install all gaskets and hoses attached to the throttle body which had been removed in the disassembling process. Every hose and item should go to its original place only to avoid any mistake and unusual operation.
All hosed especially intake hose and and the rest should install back to the system. All bolts and screws should go to their corresponding holes and places. Everything should dust, dirt and oil free. Also maintenance of proper coolant level is a must as the coolant level could be reduced during disassembling process of throttle body.
A car never be driven with low coolant level as it could overheat causing severe engine problems. The simple solution to this problem is to maintain coolant level to full after performing such kind of maintenance on your car.

Step 7 Throttle body adaptation or calibration

Modern cars throttle body needs adaptation or calibration process to be performed after throttle body cleaning process. Such adaptation or calibration could be performed using an average or modern scan tool or car computer. There is a special adaptation or calibration routine in the scan tool for the purpose. This calibration or adaption either you can perform yourself or it could be done by a professional technician or repair shop for you.
Without adaptation of calibration, the car could not maintain the idle speed and will run rough and feels like a bad or dirty throttle body. Some cars needs to take a few trips to reset or adapt the cleaned throttle body after maintenance. That will be explained in details in the next step.

Throttle body adaptation on scan tool

Step 8 Taking the car for a trip after throttle body cleaning

After throttle body cleaning job it is time to take the car for a trip or a test drive. In first the driver could experience rough idle and jerking due to ecu or pcm relearning procedure or adaption. This could be carb cleaner residue or other partials residue in the throttle body.

Such jerking and rough idle will be settled down in a few minutes of car running and idling. This will sure give a better feeling to the driver driving the same car with dirty throttle body before.

Safety precaution are a must to carry out such kind of job. Eye protection and gloves should be wear when attempting the job. Try to avoid breathing the cleaning spray as harmful chemicals could give damage to lungs and breathing system of human. Also you should avoid smoking during throttle body cleaning job. Make sure to remove the battery terminals at least one terminal either positive or negative to avoid any electrical damage or fire during the throttle body cleaning job. Also make sure to stop the engine attempting the throttle body cleaning job. Throttle body is the most important and sensitive part of an engine. Dirty or bad throttle body often causes rough idle and rpm fluctuation when driving a car. Also this problem will come most apparent when switching on accessories like air conditioner or headlights.

If cleaning of throttle body don't respond to engine rough idle or fluctuation of engine rpm, throttle body replacement should be considers as sometimes the throttle body mechanism sometimes encounter sever defects or problems which could not be fixed easily. In such a case the replacement of throttle body will solve the problem.

Hope this comprehensive guide about throttle body cleaning give you enough information and guide line to attempt the throttle body cleaning job and an average DIY could easily attempt such job with minimum number of tools.

Throttle body after cleaning

What is radiator? Function of radiator. Radiator parts. Preventive maintenance.

What is radiator

Many people have listen about a radiator. But many of the people may not be aware of the importance and function of a radiator installed in a car or in any vehicle. If we explain the radiator in very simple words, the radiator is the most important and crucial component of any vehicle either gasoline, diesel or even electric vehicle cooling system. Its basic function is to radiate the heat produced by vehicle moving system i.e engine or electric motor in case of an EV. In this way the radiator disperse the heat produced by vehicle moving system to the atmosphere and prevents the vehicle moving system from overheating.

Car cooling system with radiator and other associated components

How does a radiator work

The main component in any vehicle is its power train. In case of fossil fuel vehicles it is the engine and in case of electric vehicle it is the electric motor. The engine burns the fossil fuel petrol or diesel to produce mechanical power to keep the vehicle running. Also there are many associated components in an engine to produce the power and to deliver such power to the wheels of the vehicle. In case of an electric vehicle the power is produced by an electric motor and the motor have many parts like shaft, bearings, end covers and couplers. A lot of heat is generated when fuel is burning in the engine and also due to the friction of the moving parts associated to the engine or to the electric motor in case of electric vehicle. It's a must to disperse or ventilate such produced heat from the vehicle power train during its operation to avoid overheating of the power train or the entire vehicle. If the heat is not disperse or vent properly, it could result in severe and catastrophic damage.

Radiator is the component which disperse or radiate such produced heat in the air or atmosphere form the vehicle power train. Radiator is the key part of the vehicle cooling system which uses liquid coolant. There are other parts like hoses attached to the radiator and a thermostat valve is connected to the radiator cooling line to control the flow of liquid between power train and the radiator. Also there are cooling fans attached to the radiator which could be one or in some cases more than one in case of big vehicles. Such cooling fans are forcing more air flow through the radiator in case of temperature rise of the coolant or when the vehicle is stand still. For the purpose there is a coolant sensor installed in the coolant circuit to detect the cooling temperature and switch on the radiator cooling fan when the sensor detects rise in temperature.

The car cooling system works in the way that when engine runs, it produces a lot of heat due to fuel burning and mechanical parts movement. to reduce such heating of the engine, liquid coolant is entered to the engine cooling jackets. The cooling jackets surround the engine burning chamber, the cylinders and engine head. Then the liquid coolant adsorbs all the heat produced by the engine. Then the hot coolant is pumped to the radiator. For pumping, a coolant pump is installed with the engine which runs through the belt or another mean with the engine running. Then the hot coolant is passed through thin aluminium fins which are kind of thin fine tubes. There are further aluminium fins installed to these tubes to enhance the contact area of these coolant lines or tubes for more radiation. Then these thin tubes radiates the coolant heat to the surrounding air or atmosphere and reduces the coolant temperature to normal. then this normal temperature cooling is ready to be entered again to the engine and take out the engine heat again. This cycle is repeated countless times during the engine running.

The are passes is through the front grill of the vehicle. Plenty of cool air is entered to the radiator through the vehicle front grill openings. This is because the radiator is installed in the very front of every vehicle to get more and more cool air to make the radiation possible. More air circulation is made possible through radiator cooling fans installed with the radiator. Such cooling fans are kicked on by vehicle ecu or other electrical circuit when the coolant sensor detects rise in temperature of coolant. This is normally the case when the vehicle is stopped and idle in case of traffic rush or on traffic signals for long times.

An optimal temperature is maintained by the vehicle cooling system which is from 79 degrees Celsius to 82 degrees Celsius varied from manufacturer to manufacturer. This optimal temperature is a must to be maintained for smooth and reliable operation of a vehicle engine. Such temperature is a must for any engine to be maintain to make it running in good condition and to reduce the engine wear too. A cooled engine can't operate well and wear out more. On the other hand an overheated engine is also not a desirable condition as overheating can burn the engine and other associated electrical and plastic parts. So the optimum temperature is a mus to be maintained all the time the engine of the vehicle runs. Such optimum temperature is maintained used a mechanical thermostat valve installed in the coolant line. The purpose of the thermostat valve is to open on the optimal temperature to remains closed below the optimal temperature. The thermostat valve maintained the vehicle engine temperature in the optimal limit. The thermostat valve serves both in cool winter and in hot summer. In cool winter it keeps the engine warm to optimal temperature and in hot summer it gives enough time to the coolant in radiator to release its temperature to the surrounding air and keeps the coolant inside the engine to get it to the optimal temperature range.

Radiator component

Radiator have three main parts. The radiator core which is made of aluminium, the radiator pressure cap and the third part is the inlet and outlet tanks or reservoirs.

Radiator core is the big metal block consist of fine metal tubes and fins usually made of aluminium. This is the main part of radiator where the actual heat exchange of radiation takes place. The coolant flow through the fine tubes where the heat is exchanged or radiated to the atmosphere or surrounding air.

There is a pressure cape on the top of radiator where one can fill in the coolant or top up in case of coolant loss. The pressure cap seals the coolant entrant throat and don't allow leakage. Also there is another function of the pressure cap is to allow the steam and gases to the expansion bottle and coolant back from the expansion bottle to the radiator in case of vacuum formation in the radiator.

Radiator pressure cap

The reservoir tanks are the two in number. The intake and outlet reservoir tanks. The inlet tank received the hot coolant front the engine and circulate it through the radiator core. The outlet tank receives cool coolant from the radiator core and temporarily stores it and allow it to be entered to the engine cooling system.

There tanks are made of plastic or in some cases metal. The radiator inlet and outlets are connected to such tanks for hose connection.

The coolant is another important part of the cooling system. Although the coolant is not a sort of mechanical or physical part of the cooling system but off course it is very much important and crucial to be there to radiate heat from the engine to the surrounding air or atmosphere.

Radiator parts mentioned on

Failure of Radiator

The engine is producing a lot of heat when it operates. Such overheating of the engine is more severe in case of engine operation in hot summer. The overheating of the engine could be the reason of low coolant or leakage in the cooling system. The low cooling could be due to coolant loose and negligence of coolant topping up in case of coolant loose due to natural operation or any leakage in the coolant system. The leakage could be anywhere in the radiator core, radiator intel and outlet tanks, the connecting hoses or in the engine water jacket or engine coolant inlet or outlet.

Another reason of the cooling system or radiator failure could be a defective thermostat valve which is very common reason for overheating. The thermostat valve could be failed in two states. Either in closed or in open. The closed failed thermostat is more severe and dangerous than open stuck thermostat valve. Both ways defective thermostat valves causes overheating of the vehicle during hot summer.

Thermostat valve with parts

The pressurized cap could also cause overheating problem. If the cap couldn't seal up the cooling system up to the specified pressure limit, the coolant overflow could occur results in loose of coolant which yields to cooling system overheating.

Another radiator failure could be the radiator cooling fans not running due to fans defects or their corresponding electrical circuit defects. Such overheating is more prominent when car is idling in jammed traffic or stopped on long traffic signals. When car is idling without running the radiator gets less air flow hence less radiation or heat exchange causing overheating of the cooling system.

If car owners and drivers take care of the following instructions then the car cooling system will perform properly and the vehicle will respond you better and will stay longer with you without giving you trouble and non stop operation will optimal costs.

• Keep an eye on the temperature gauge on the car instrument cluster all the time to run your car in optimal temperature range. Notice any change in the temperature range during driving.
• Keep eye and nose to smell any odor or smock coming from the engine hood of the car.
• Keep eye on the parking space if your car is leaking coolant or you get a sign of coolant leak.
• Finding rust or corrosion on the cooling system indicates any coolant leakage from the cooling system.
• Listening to the cooling fans to kick on during long idle or jamming in traffic rush or long stay on traffic signals.
• opening the radiator pressure cape to see the cooling level of your car cooling system daily or maximum weekly. Top up coolant both in radiator and expansion bottle in case of any coolant loss.
• Cleaning radiation in every car wash with pressure hose with appropriate water pressure to wash any debris or loose dust from the radiator to make it more efficient and effective for radiation.

If you fine any of the above discussed defects, a professional mechanic should examine and repair your car to make it fit for further duty.

Radiator Preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance is required on car cooling system or radiator after a certain interval to make things better and keep your car running smoothly without surprise stoppage.

• It is good to make a habit of checking car coolant and engine oil level daily before starting the car. But at least once a week it is a must to check both levels. Little loss of coolant is not noticeable and top up is proposed. But if the coolant loss is bigger and the car needs more coolant daily then proper maintenance of the cooling system or engine maintenance is due and should be carried out by a professional mechanic.
• Coolant flush and coolant change is proposed every 26000 mile or after two years of service. This is important to remove any gunk and debris from the cooling system and radiator. This is will prevent the cooling system from rusting and corrosion.
• Cooling system hoses and other rubber pipes in the cooling system should be replaced every 35000 miles. As hoses and other cooling system pipes are made of rubber, they tend to dry and brittle with time and aging. After 51000 miles they must be replaced and they should not be intend to run to failure as such strategy could lead to a very expensive repair or engine replacement sometimes.

Summary

Everybody needs a car with reliable operation and with no overheating engine on the road. Radiators are the key components of car head radiation of dissipation in the surrounding air or atmosphere. A better understanding of car cooling system and looking for necessary maintenance on your car could prevent you from big problems and will make your car running smoothly for year without any major maintenance.

 Heaven's bells جنت کی حوریں

دنیاوی زندگی کے علاؤہ جنت کی زندگی کا حال بیان کرتے ہوئے قرآن و حدیث میں اکثر نیک اور خوبصورت زوجین کا ذکر آیا ہے، یعنی مردوں اور عورتوں دونوں کے لئے جنس مخالف کے دل پسند ساتھی موجود ہوں گے۔

مردوں کے لئے خاص طور پر بیویوں اور حوروں کا ذکر بار بار آیا ہے۔ اور حوروں کی خوبصورتی کے بارے میں مفصل ذکر موجود ہے۔

یعنی یہ ایسی بات نہ تھی کہ جو بری سمجھی جاتی۔ کیونکہ جنت میں کوئی لغو اور بری بات نہ ہو گی۔

ذیل میں ہم چند اقتباسات اس موضوع سے متعلق دے رہے ہیں: (بہار شریعت۔ حصہ اول۔ صفحہ 35)

"وہاں کی کوئی عورت اگر زمین کی طرف جھانکے تو زمین سے آسمان تک روشن ہو جائے اور خوشبو سے بھر جائے اور چاند سورج کی روشنی جاتی رہے اور اس کا دوپٹہ دنیا و مافیہا سے بہتر ہے۔"

" اگر حور اپنی ہتھیلی زمین و آسمان کے درمیان نکالے تو اس کے حسن کی وجہ سے خلائق فتنہ میں پڑ جائیں اور اگر اپنا دوپٹہ ہٹائے تو اس کی خوبصورتی کے آگے آفتاب ایسا ہو جائے گا جیسے آفتاب کے سامنے چراغ۔"

" ہر شخص کو سو آدمیوں کے کھانے پینے اور جماع کی طاقت دی جائے گی۔"

" ہر ایک کو حوروں میں کم سے کم دو بیبیاں ایسی ملیں گی کہ ستر ستر جوڑے پہنے ہوں گی" پھر بھی ان لباسوں اور گوشت کے باہر سے ان کی پنڈلیوں کا مغز دکھائی دے گا جیسے سفید شیشے میں شراب سرخ دکھائی دیتی ہے اور یہ اس وجہ سے کہ اللّٰہ عز وجل نے انہیں یاقوت سے تشبیہ دی اور یاقوت میں سوراخ کرکے اگر ڈور ڈالی جائے تو ضرور باہر سے دکھائی دے گی۔ آدمی اپنے چہرے کو اس کے رخسار میں آئنہ سے بھی زیادہ صاف دیکھے گا اور اس پر جو ادنی درجے کا موتی ہو گا وہ ایسا ہو گا کہ مغرب سے مشرق تک روشن کر دے۔ مرد اپنا ہاتھ اس کے شانوں کے درمیان رکھے گا تو سینے کی طرف سے کپڑے اور جلد اور گوشت کے باہر سے دکھائی دے گا۔ مرد جب اس کے پاس جائے گا تو اسے ہر بار کنواری پائے گا مگر اس کی وجہ سے مرد اور عورت کسی کو کوئی تکلیف نہ ہو گی۔"

" اگر کوئی حور سمندر میں تھوک دے تو اس کے تھوک کی شیرینی کی وجہ سے سمندر شیریں ہو جائے اور روایت ہے کہ اگر جنت کی حور سات سمندروں میں تھوک دے تو شہد سے زیادہ شیریں ہو جائیں۔" 

" جب کوئی بندہ جنت میں جائے گا تو اس کے سرہانے اور پائنتی دو حوریں نہایت اچھی آواز سے گائیں گی مگر ان کا گانا یہ شیطانی مزاحیہ نہیں بلکہ اللّٰہ عز وجل کی حمد و پاکی ہو گا۔ وہ ایسی خوش گلو ہوں گی کہ مخلوق نے ایسی آواز کبھی نہ سنی ہو گی اور یہ بھی گائیں گی : ہم ہمیشہ رہنے والیاں ہیں۔ کبھی نہ مریں گی، ہم چین والیاں ہیں، کبھی تکلیف میں نہ پڑیں گی۔ ہم راضی ہیں، ناراض نہ ہوں گی، مبارکباد اس کے لئے جو ہمارا اور ہم اس کے ہوں۔"

"ادنی جنتی کے لئے اسی ہزار خادم اور بہتر (72) بیبیاں ہوں گی۔"

"اگر مسلمان اولاد کی خواہش کرے تو اس کا حمل اور وضع اور پوری عمر ( یعنی تیس سال ) خواہش کرتے ہی ایک ساعت میں ہو جائے گی۔"

" سب سے کم درجے کا جنتی جو ہے اس کے باغات اور بیبیاں اور نعم و خوام اور تخت ہزار برس کی مسافت تک ہوں گے۔"

 

How to extend wall clock battery life. Make your wall clock battery rechargeable. Life time battery.

 Wall clocks are present in every house, shop and office. Typical wall clocks run on 1.5V dry battery cell. In older days such wall clocks were running more than a year on a single AA size 1.5V battery cell. But now a days due to financial problems manufacturers of wall clocks have degraded their wall clock machine design and such wall clocks are consuming much more battery and such batteries could not last more than a month or two in normal typical wall clocks.

Lifetime wall clock battery 3.7V rechargeable

وال کلاک تقریبآ ہر گھر، آفس اور دکان میں موجود ہوتا ہے۔ اکثر وال کلاک کوارٹرز ٹائپ میکنیزم کے ہوتے ہیں جو ایک ڈیڑھ وولٹ کے ڈرائی بیٹری سیل سے چلنے والے ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ وال کلاک ری چارج ایبل بیٹری سیل کے آنے سے پہلے کے وقت کے ہیں۔ اس وجہ سے ان میں نان ری چارج ایبل ٹائپ بیٹری سیل لگا کر ہی پاور دی ہوتی ہے۔

وقت کے ساتھ اور چلنے کے ساتھ آہستہ آہستہ یہ بیٹری سیل کمزور پڑ جاتا ہے اور اس کے وولٹیج اپنی شرح وولٹیج ڈیڑھ وولٹ سے نیچے چلے جاتے ہیں۔ جس کے باعث گھڑی کا آہستہ چلنا ، رک رک کر چلنا یا مکمل طور پر رک جانے جیسے مسائل کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے۔ اس صورت حال کا حل بیٹری سیل کی نئے سے تبدیلی ہے۔ جب گھڑی میں نیا سیل لگا دیا جاتا ہے تو گھڑی دوبارہ چل پڑتی ہے۔

موجودہ دور میں کمرتوڑ مہنگائی نے ہر چیز کی قدر و قیمت انتہائی بڑھا دی ہے۔ بیٹری سیل اور کاپر وائر کی قیمتیں بھی آسمان چھو رہی ہیں۔ کاپر وائر کا استعمال گھڑی کے سٹیپر موٹر کی کوائل میں ہوتا ہے۔ پہلے وقتوں میں جب کاپر کی قیمت کم تھی اس وقت گھڑیاں بنانے والے اس میں پوری تعداد کے چکروں والی کوائل کا استعمال کرتے تھے۔ مگر بعد میں انہوں نے تجربہ کرکے اس کائل کے چکر کم کر ڈالے۔ کم چکر کے کوائل والی گھڑی بھی چلتی ہے۔ اور وقت بھی درست بتاتی ہے۔ مگر کم چکر والی کوائل بیٹری سیل سے زیادہ کرنٹ لیتی ہے کیونکہ اس کی امپیڈنس کم ہوتی ہے۔ اس طرح بیٹری سیل کی زندگی کم ہو جاتی ہے۔ اور بیٹری سیل جلد ختم ہو جاتے ہیں۔ اور گھڑی کو رواں دواں رکھنے کے لئے جلدی جلدی بیٹری سیل بدلنے کی ضرورت پیش آتی ہے۔ اور اس طرح کسٹمر کے لئے پریشانی اور بار بار خرچہ کرنے کی ضرورت پیش آتی ہے۔

اس مسئلہ کے دو حل ہیں۔ ایک حل یہ ہے کہ اگر آپ ایک اچھے ٹیکنیشن ہیں اور الیکٹرونکس و بجلی کے کام کا تھوڑا تجربہ رکھتے ہیں۔ نیز آپ کے پاس چند ضروری اوزار اور میٹریل جیسا کہ پنتالیس نمبر کی تار اور سولڈرنگ آئرن یا کاویہ موجود ہے تب آپ گھڑی کی مشین کھول کر اس کی کوائل میں مزید اتنے پنتالیس نمبر کاپر وائر کے چکر ڈال دیں جتنی آپ کو اس میں جگہ ملے اور کوائل اپنی جگہ پر لگ سکے۔ اس طریقے سے آپ کی گھڑی کے کوائل کی امپیڈنس بڑھ جائے گی۔ اور اس کی برقی مقناطیسی طاقت بھی بڑھ جائے گی۔ جس کے باعث آپ کی لگائی ہوئی بیٹری بہت لمبے عرصے تک گھڑی کو بغیر روک ٹوک اور وقت خراب کئے چلا پائے گی۔ اس کے علاؤہ ایسی گھڑی میں اگر آپ پرانے اور ریٹائرڈ سیل بھی لگائیں گے تو وہ بھی اسے چلا پائیں گے۔

جبکہ دوسرا طریقہ ری چارج ایبل بیٹری سیل کا استعمال ہے۔ اگر آپ کو ایک عشاریہ تین وولٹ کا ملے تو اسے چارج کرکے براہ راست گھڑی میں لگا کر اسے چلا سکتے ہیں اور سیل ڈسچارج ہونے پر اسے دوبارہ چارج کر سکتے ہیں۔ لیکن آج کل ایک عشاریہ تین وولٹ کا بیٹری سیل تلاش کرنا کافی مشکل ہے۔ عام طور پو تین عشاریہ سات وولٹ کی بیٹری ری چارج ایبل بہت عمومی ہر جگہ سے مناسب ریٹ پر دستیاب ہے۔ یہ بیٹری اکثر پرانے خراب موبائیل فون سے بھی آپ کو مل جاتی ہے۔ اس بیٹری سے براہ راست وال کلاک کو نہیں چلایا جا سکتا۔ بلکہ ایک ایسا الیکٹرونک ریگولیٹر سرکٹ لگا کر آپ اسے چلا سکتے ہیں جو تین اعشاریہ سات وولٹ سے ایک اعشاریہ پانچ وولٹ ریگولیٹیڈ بنا کر گھڑی کے مشین کو مہیا کرے اور اسے چلائے۔ اس کے علاؤہ آپ اس بیٹری کے ساتھ ایک چھوٹا سولر پینل لگا کر اسے سولر پاور سے لائف ٹائم فری چارج کر سکتے ہیں۔ یا پھر پانچ وولٹ موبائل چارجر کے ساتھ ایک مناسب لیتھیم بیٹری ماڈیول لگا کر اسے گھر کی بجلی سے بھی چارج کر سکتے ہیں۔

اس کے لئے سرکٹ بنانا بہت ہی آسان ہے۔ اور اوپر بھی یہ سرکٹ دیا ہے جبکہ ذیل میں بھی دیا جا رہا ہے۔ اور اس کی تفصیل ذیل کے پیرائے میں دیا ہے۔